HCA Final Paper Essay Example

Main Theories of Aggression Free Essays

Framework and survey the fundamental hypotheses of animosity Aggression is a demonstration of antagonistic vibe with purposeful aim to hurt someone else without wanting to. A few therapists accept that hostility is a significant part of our developmental family line and it is seen better in that unique circumstance, while others accept that animosity is best clarified in physiological terms e. g. We will compose a custom paper test on Primary Theories of Aggression or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now the lopsidedness of hormones or synapses in the mind. There are numerous definitions used to clarify why people/creatures become forceful (http://www. essortment. com/all/whatisaggress_rxeo. tm). In the social learning hypothesis (SLT) of hostility, Bandura (1962) proposed that the statement of animosity is found out through social learning not disregarding the way that the potential for the human animosity was organic. Bandura guaranteed that we learn explicit forceful practices for instance, the structure wherein the animosity takes and how it is routed to the objective. Skinner, 1953 proposed that a youngster learns the forceful conduct through direct fortification while Bandura contends that a kid learns by watching good examples by implication. In addition, the SLT can be utilized to clarify different practices, for example, dietary problems, character and so forth. Research completed by Phillip (1986) recommended the every day murder rate in the US nearly expanded in the accompanying of a significant bout this proposed the watchers were impersonating the conduct they viewed from their ‘role models’. This reasonable shows that the SLT can likewise be utilized to clarify the conduct of both the youngsters and grown-ups. This is on the grounds that forceful conduct is seen at home and at school just as through the media I. . understanding books, sitting in front of the TV and tuning in to a specific sort of music. By watching the outcomes of other’s activities, kids get familiar with the forceful conduct in a roundabout way. This entire procedure is known as the ‘vicarious reinforcement’ whereby a kid learns the feasible result of the forceful conduct and from that perception; they get the con duct that is viewed as proper. Not exclusively does a youngster gain proficiency with the conduct however the kid likewise watches if the conduct merits rehashing. Later on, the youngster is probably going to rehash the conduct when the desire for a prize is more prominent than the desires for being rebuffed (Bandura, 1962). Taking a gander at the Bobo doll examines, Bandura et al found that kids who viewed a forceful model turned out to be progressively forceful and imitated the conduct depicted by the model. This is clear proof to help the SLT for the reality a kid took in the forceful conduct by watching the ‘role’ model. Then again, the hostility was forced towards a ‘doll’ influencing the dependability of the determination since this was a ‘still’ figure that couldn't utilize self-preservation. Thus to this, Bandura rehashed the examination utilizing a film of lady hitting a live jokester, along these lines this impacted the kids to likewise hit a live comedian whenever given the chance. This can clarify the social contrasts, for the way that social orders, for example, the US are exceptionally brutal contrasted with different dwarfs of focal Africa who figure out how to live in agreeable kind disposition (Aronson, 1999). These discoveries could be clarified by the distinctions because of social learning whereby the various social orders impact the conduct of the two societies. In any case, individuals likewise respond contrastingly in term of various circumstances on the grounds that forceful conduct is compensated in specific circumstances than others (I. e. Serious games such rugby, boxing and so on ). The fitting conduct is found out for specific circumstances. In addition, hostility could likewise be clarified because of the loss of individual character this could be because of the general namelessness of being in a group or wearing a uniform. The Stanford Prison Experiment outlines this impact; this is whereby Zimbardo indicated how the watchmen who were deindividuated by reflected glasses and outfits carried on forcefully towards the detainees. The Stanford Prison Experiment is an observational help for the deindividuated hypothesis since it shows how the conduct of the ‘normal’ understudies changed after they had been doled out to receive the job of gatekeepers. In any case, the ruthlessness could be clarified as far as the apparent social jobs since they were not indicated the specific way that the ‘actual’ monitors carried on. Therapist Zimbardo accepts that deindividuated individuals are probably going to carry on forcefully in light of the fact that the departure of a sense in the individual can prompt decreased poise. This thusly prompts incautious and freak conduct and a less worry over negative assessment from others. Being unknown in a group has the mental result of diminishing restrictions and expanding practices that are generally repressed. Prentice-Dunn and Rogers (1982) proposed that an expansion in forceful conduct following deindividuation may be brought about by the decreased protection as opposed to open mindfulness, I. . turning out to be less mindful instead of being unknown to other people. An issue for the hypothesis is that deindividuation doesn't generally prompt animosity, and may really prompt ace social conduct. In a meta-investigation of 60 investigations of deindividuation, Postmes and Spears (1998) found that deindividuation doesn't generally prompt animosity for instance, an ind ividual piece of an irate crowd is probably going to act forcefully while an individual from a harmony rally is probably going to get to serene. This unmistakably shows disappointment prompts animosity. Disappointment decides if animosity is compelling in that circumstance. Dollard et al (1939) illustrated the dissatisfaction hostility hypothesis proposing that disappointment prompts animosity and that animosity is constrained by the hostility. In this manner, hostility is the result of summed up physiological excitement. The most effective method to refer to Main Theories of Aggression, Papers

How Many Neurons Are in the Brain

How Many Neurons Are in the Brain Theories Biological Psychology Print How Many Neurons Are in the Brain? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Claudia Chaves, MD on March 11, 2016 Claudia Chaves, MD, is board-certified in cerebrovascular disease and neurology with a subspecialty certification in vascular neurology. Learn about our Medical Review Board Claudia Chaves, MD Updated on February 09, 2020 Science Photo Library - KTSDESIGN / Getty Images More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Older estimates have long suggested that 100 billion neurons in the human brain was the magic number, but some more recent research suggests that the brain actually contains fewer neurons than previously believed.?? The human brain is made up of a complex network of neurons. These neurons serve as the building blocks of the nervous system, transmitting information to and from the brain and throughout the body. You probably expect that a large number of neurons are required for such a complex process, but just how many neurons are there in the human brain? Neurons in the Human Brain According to many estimates, the human brain contains around 100 billion neurons (give or take a few billion). This estimate has often been reported for many years in neuroscience and psychology textbooks and for many years was simply accepted as a relatively close approximation.?? Recently, however, Brazilian researcher Dr. Suzana Herculano-Houzel discovered that these estimates might not be entirely accurate. While the number is widely cited, she found that no one seemed to know where or when this number originated.?? She then decided to investigate in order to determine if the number is accurate. Estimating the number of neurons in the brain seems fairly simple on the surface. Simply take a sample of the brain, count the number of neurons in that sample and then extrapolate that information to account for the remaining brain volume. Do Humans All Have the Same Brain Size? While this seems like a fairly straightforward approach, neuron density differs in different regions of the brain. Counting neurons in a high-density part of the brain might lead to a high estimate while counting those in a lower density region might lead to an excessively low estimate. To overcome this problem, the researchers utilized a method that involved dissolving the cell membranes in order to create a sort of brain soup so that they could then count the number of cell nuclei in a sample.?? The nuclei of the cells were also stained to differentiate between neurons and glia, allowing researchers to then count the cell nuclei that belong to neurons.   It took me a couple of months to make peace with this idea that I was going to take somebodys brain or an animals brain and turn it into soup, Herculano-Houzel  explained to  Nature. But the thing is we have been learning so much by this method weve been getting numbers that people had not been able to get … Its really just one more method thats not any worse than just chopping your brain into little pieces. How many neurons did the researchers find in the brains they analyzed? We found that on average the human brain has 86 billion neurons. And not one that we looked at so far has 100 billion. Even though it may sound like a small difference the 14 billion neurons amount to pretty much the number of neurons that a baboon brain has or almost half the number of neurons in the gorilla brain. So thats a pretty large difference actually, explained Herculano-Houzel. So, according to this new research, the human brain likely has somewhere around 86 billion neurons.?? Neurons in Other Animals According to Herculano-Houzel, human brains are remarkably similar to primate brains with one important distinction: we have far more brain cells that require a tremendous amount of energy to fuel and maintain.?? Experts suggest that an estimated 25% of humans energy expenditure goes toward fueling all of these brain cells. The sheer number of neurons present in the human brain becomes more apparent when compared to other species. So how many neurons are in the brains of other animals? Fruit fly: 100 thousand neurons??Mouse: 75 million neurons??Cat: 250 million neurons??Chimpanzee: 7 billion neurons??Elephant: 257 billion neurons?? While the human brain might not have the mythic 100 billion neurons as long suspected, 86 billion is still nothing to sneeze at.

Summary Of The Canterbury Tales Essay - 1370 Words

Summary of The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories set within a framing story of a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral, the shrine of Saint Thomas à   Becket. The poet joins a band of pilgrims, vividly described in the General Prologue, who assemble at the Tabard Inn outside London for the journey to Canterbury. Ranging in status from a Knight to a humble Plowman, they are a microcosm of 14th- century English society. The Host proposes a storytelling contest to pass the time; each of the 30 or so pilgrims (the exact number is unclear) is to tell four tales on the round trip. Chaucer completed less than a quarter of this plan. The work contains 22 verse tales (two unfinished) and two long prose tales; a few are†¦show more content†¦He was jealous and he kept her close to him. The woman was fair skinned and her body was slim. She wore a stripped silken girdle. Her eyebrows were arched , black, and partly plucked to make them narrow. The womans singing was loud and lively. It so chanced that this gentle Nicholas fell in love with this young wife, while her husband was away, and suddenly he caught hold of her and said, quot;Unless you will love me, sweetheart, I will die.quot; And he held her tight around the waist. she jumped back and wiggled away. She replied,quot; I will not kiss you Nicholas! If you dont let me go I will scream out Help!quot; But Nicholas began to beg and made offers to her that at last she granted him her love and swore by St. Thomas that she would leave the Carpenter when she had a chance. She told him how jealous he was. Then it fell on a holy day that this goodwife took her to the church to work on Christs own works. At the church there was a clerk named Absalom. He had curly hair, rosy cheeks, and his eyes were gray. Absalom, who was so pretty and fine, went on this holy day with a censor, trying to get the goodwives of the city. He then noticed the carpenters wife and he thought she was so neat and sweet. That night the moon was shining and Absalom went to the carpenters house and sang in the window. The carpenter woke up and asked the wife if she heard him singing and sheShow MoreRelated Summary and Analysis of The Shipmans Tale (The Canterbury Tales)928 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Shipmans Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Introduction to the Shipmans Tale: The Host asks the priest to tell a tale, but the Shipman interrupts, insisting that he will tell the next tale. He says that he will not tell a tale of physics or law or philosophy, but rather a more modest story. The Shipmans Tale: A merchant at St. Denis foolishly took a desirable woman for a wife who drained his income by demanding clothes and other fine array to make her appearRead MoreThe Wife of Bath1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Canterbury Tales are an accumulation of many pilgrims’ stories as they make their journey to the site of Sir Thomas a Becket’s shrine, as he was the martyred saint of Christianity. There are many stories included in The Canterbury Tales. Of these many tales, one of them is the story of the Wife of Bath, whose real name is Alisoun. From her appearance and behavior, to her political and religious views, there is much to tell about the Wife of Bath, for her prologue and tale are quite long. Read MoreCanterbury Tales Analysis841 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer gives a detailed description of what life was like in Medieval times . In the â€Å"Prologue†, the reader comes to better understand the people of the time period through the charac ters words and actions. Chaucer uses a variety of groups of society to give the reader a deeper insight into the fourteenth century Pilgrims customs and values. Through the Court, Common people and the Church, Gregory Chaucer gives a detailed description of ordinary life in the medieval timesRead More Summary and Analysis of The Parsons Tale Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Parsons Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Parsons Tale: When the Manciples Tale was done, it was then four oclock. The Host claimed that only one tale remained. The Parson, however, refused to tell a foolish story, for Paul advised against telling false stories. He says that he will tell a virtuous tale in prose. The Parsons Tale: There have been many spiritual ways that have led people to Jesus Christ and to the reign of glory. The most prominentRead More Analysis of The Canons Yeomans Tale Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Canons Yeomans Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Canons Yeomans Tale: When the story of Saint Cecilia was finished and the company continued on their journey, they came across two men. One of them was clad all in black and had been traveling quickly on their horses; the narrator believes that he must be a canon (an alchemist). The Canons Yeoman said that they wished to join the company on their journey, for they had heard of their tales. The Host askedRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of The Nun1063 Words   |  5 Pages The Canterbury Tales is written by Geoffrey Chaucer and is written in middle English during 1387-1400 which was a turbulent time period in England. The Prioress is head of all the nuns and holds herself to high standards both morally and physically. The nun is a complex character although at first she seems simple to understand. I believe there are many layers to this character and Chaucer has highlighted a few, but there is much left to be said about this character and how she became the way sheRead MoreChaucers The Canterbury Tales1381 Wo rds   |  6 PagesThe Canterbury Tales serves as a moral manual in the Middle Ages. In the tales, Geoffrey Chaucer portrays the problems of the society. For instance, Chaucer uses the monk and the friar in comparison to the parson to show what the ecclesiastical class are doing versus what they are supposed to be doing. In other words, it is to make people be aware of these problems. It can be inferred that the author’s main goal is for this literary work to serve as a message to the people along with changing theRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1989 Words   |  8 Pages Ms.Wells British Literature 4 April 2015 Geoffrey, Chaucer, Father of English Literature born 1343 in London United Kingdom best known for his anthology â€Å"The Canterbury Tales†. In this book he plans to let each of his characters tell a story on the way to Canterbury. This novel was written during the Middle Ages also known as the Medieval Period. During this time period adultery played role in marriages. â€Å"I take thee _________ to be my wedded husband/wife, toRead MoreSummary And Critical Analysis Of Chaucer s The Miller s Tale923 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Critical Analysis of Chaucer’s â€Å"The Miller’s Tale† Geoffrey Chaucer starts â€Å"The Miller’s Tale† out with an intriguing prologue. In this prologue, the Miller is found to be drunk due to his behavior towards the Reeve, and his judgment towards â€Å"The Knight’s Tale.† The Reeve and Miller have never seen eye to eye; they never have and never will. With this being said, the Miller tells a tale of a gullible carpenter whose wife cheats on him with an intelligent lodger. Since the Reeve is a carpenterRead More Summary and Analysis of The Clerks Tale Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Clerks Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Clerks Tale: The Host remarks that the Clerk of Oxford sits quietly, and tells him to be more cheerful. The Host asks the Clerk to tell a merry tale of adventure and not a moralistic sermon. The Clerk agrees to tell a story that he learned from a clerk at Padua, Francis Petrarch. He then praises the renowned Petrarch for his sweet rhetoric and poetry. The Clerk does warn that Petrarch, before his tale, wrote a

The Theory Of Psychology And New Schools - 1057 Words

There exist various schools of psychology, each having a different approach. Most psychologists agree that no one ‘approach is correct. Each has its strengths and weaknesses and adds to our understanding of human behaviour. Over the years there have been various significant developments in psychology, and new schools have developed which try to fill the gaps of previous approaches and offer a new perspective. The timeline could be traced from Structuralism (Wundt, 1879), which was the first school of thought. It proposed breaking down of mental processes into its most fundamental components in trying to understand a person s mind. Then came functionalism (James,1902). Functionalists weren t concerned with mental processes, but in†¦show more content†¦However, most of the theories only deal with a subset of the problems. Some theories are concerned about the generation of emotions; some are concerned about effects of such emotions on individual s actions and behaviours while some are concerned about the links between emotions and actions. One such theory is Structuralism. Known as the first school of Psychology, Structuralism has been developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. Wilhelm Wu ndt in 1879, founded the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. He is known as the father of Structuralism (Dobson and Bruce 1972). Structuralism is primarily based on Elementalism (Alfred Korzybski, 1950) which suggests a conception of complex phenomena regarding essential parts or elements. Structuralism is a theory of consciousness. (Wundt, 1874) Structuralism seeks to observe and examine the person s mind by breaking all life experiences into the simplest components and finding how they shape collectively to form greater complex experiences and the way they correlate to physical events. Wundt proposes that all emotions can be understood as few underlying feelings or mental states to understand them better and explain how they are all interrelated. Wundt adopted experimental techniques from physiology (Danziger 1990) the model of chemistry also inspired WundtShow MoreRelatedBiological Psychology1169 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Psychology Kirstyn Mixa PSY/340 November 19, 2010 Brigitte Crowell Biological Psychology As a study, psychology has many branches within itself. Each thought of psychology throughout history has brought about another school of psychology. Psychology or philosophy enthusiasts and scholars alike have taken interests in not only understanding the themes of psychology but have contributed to the creation of another branch. So, of course, somewhere along the line was the dawning ofRead Moresituation in ethic Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Running head: How Philosophy and physiology have influenced early psychological thought. The Influences of early psychological though of Physiology and philosophy Cleo Jones History of Psychology Abstract Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with life and living matter according to (Webster Merriam) Physiology is the processes and function of all or part of an organ. According to (Webster) Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected withRead MoreThe Theories Of Personality, By Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, And Raymond Cattell1568 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to understanding the theories of personality, there are several psychologists that put their input in to help us understand the theories of personality. The individuals that have contributed to the theories of personality and have made us understand the topic more would be Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, and Raymond Cattell. Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York April 1, 1908. As a young child, Abraham was the oldest child out of seven brothers and sister. â€Å"HisRead MoreSocial Psychology: The Study of Influences Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagestrying to understand criminal behavior, â€Å"why† has always been a question that has been explored. Psychology, or the study of â€Å"why†, has been attempting to answer such questions for centuries. Although there are many answers (reflected in the number of schools of psychology), Social psychology attempts to explain the environmental factors that lead to a person behavior. By definition, Social Psychology is â€Å"the study of the manner in which the personality, attitudes, motivations, and behavior of theRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology is common to talk about the psychological schools, as these are defined as groups of psychologists who shared a theoretical view and focused psychological problems with a common orientation; these have evolved over time. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. TheRead MoreWas Psychology Really Founded in 1879 or Was It in Existence Before Then?1387 Words   |  6 PagesWas psychology really founded in 1879? Or was it in existence before that specific time? Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) officially opened an institution and laboratory for Psychology, in Leipzig, Germany. Many students were also taught here on experimental psychology. Wundt was touted as a great lecturer, and some of those taught, emulated Wundts work and made a significant contribution to psychology; for example Edward Titchner (1867-1927), who introduced structuralism to the United States ofRead More Foundations of Psychology Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesWhen psychology first emerged as a science, the process of explaining the human mind and human behavior began. In this essay we will present a brief synopsis of what psychology is and introduce the reader to the primary biological foundations of psychology that are linked to behavior as well as introducing the reader to the major schools of thought in psychology. In Kowalski and Westen Fifth Edition of Psychology, psychology is define as â€Å"the scientific investigation of mental processes such as;Read MoreKurt Wundt s Theory Of Psychology966 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology has evolved throughout the years, and continues to do so. Pioneers in the field created movements that were sometimes embraced, sometimes not. Ideas were challenged and each successive theory either opposed or built on what had come before. The science of psychology has come a long way from its humble roots in philosophy and physiology, becoming a vast and complex discipline with many subfields. Theories and schools of thought gave way to opposing views and new schools. Wilhelm WundtRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology1007 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Schools of Psychology There are many different schools of psychology, each have their own views and they all look at psychology from different perspectives. I am going to outline six perspectives and then compare and contrast two schools. The biological perspective and major figures such as Karl Lashley looks to the body to explain the mind, they look at hormones, genes, the brain, and the central nervous system to explain the way we think, Read MoreTheoretical Views Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is now and always has been a strongly debated science. Beginning from the time psychology first became separated from the philosophy and biology sciences, there has been controversy. The subject, most debated, was the explanation and description of human behavior as well as the human mind. It was the schools of thought in psychology that allowed for the major names in psychology that we study and read about on what seems to be a daily basis that put theoretical opinions and differences

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 36 The Broken Arrow Free Essays

The two daemons moved through the silent village, in and out of the shadows, padding cat-formed across the moonlit gathering-floor, pausing outside the open door of Mary’s house. Cautiously they looked inside and saw only the sleeping woman; so they withdrew and moved through the moonlight again, toward the shelter tree. Its long branches trailed their fragrant corkscrew leaves almost down to the ground. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 36 The Broken Arrow or any similar topic only for you Order Now Very slowly, very careful not to rustle a leaf or snap a fallen twig, the two shapes slipped in through the leaf curtain and saw what they were seeking: the boy and the girl, fast asleep in each other’s arms. They moved closer over the grass and touched the sleepers softly with nose, paw, whiskers, bathing in the life-giving warmth they gave off, but being infinitely careful not to wake them. As they checked their people (gently cleaning Will’s fast-healing wound, lifting the lock of hair off Lyra’s face), there was a soft sound behind them. Instantly, in total silence, both daemons sprang around, becoming wolves: mad light eyes, bare white teeth, menace in every line. A woman stood there, outlined by the moon. It was not Mary, and when she spoke, they heard her clearly, though her voice made no sound. â€Å"Come with me,† she said. Pantalaimon’s daemon heart leapt within him, but he said nothing until he could greet her away from the sleepers under the tree. â€Å"Serafina Pekkala!† he said joyfully. â€Å"Where have you been? Do you know what’s happened?† â€Å"Hush. Let’s fly to a place where we can talk,† she said, mindful of the sleeping villagers. Her branch of cloud-pine lay by the door of Mary’s house, and as she took it up, the two daemons changed into birds – a nightingale, an owl – and flew with her over the thatched roofs, over the grasslands, over the ridge, and toward the nearest wheel tree grove, as huge as a castle, its crown looking like curds of silver in the moonlight. There Serafina Pekkala settled on the highest comfortable branch, among the open flowers drinking in the Dust, and the two birds perched nearby. â€Å"You won’t be birds for long,† she said. â€Å"Very soon now your shapes will settle. Look around and take this sight into your memory.† â€Å"What will we be?† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"You’ll find out sooner than you think. Listen,† said Serafina Pekkala, â€Å"and I’ll tell you some witch-lore that none but witches know. The reason I can do that is that you are here with me, and your humans are down there, sleeping. Who are the only people for whom that is possible?† â€Å"Witches,† said Pantalaimon, â€Å"and shamans. So†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"In leaving you both on the shores of the world of the dead, Lyra and Will did something, without knowing it, that witches have done since the first time there were witches. There’s a region of our north land, a desolate, abominable place, where a great catastrophe happened in the childhood of the world, and where nothing has lived since. No daemons can enter it. To become a witch, a girl must cross it alone and leave her daemon behind. You know the suffering they must undergo. But having done it, they find that their daemons were not severed, as in Bolvangar; they are still one whole being; but now they can roam free, and go to far places and see strange things and bring back knowledge. â€Å"And you are not severed, are you?† â€Å"No,† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"We are still one. But it was so painful, and we were so frightened†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Well,† said Serafina, â€Å"the two of them will not fly like witches, and they will not live as long as we do; but thanks to what they did, you and they are witch in all but that.† The two daemons considered the strangeness of this knowledge. â€Å"Does that mean we shall be birds, like witches’ daemons?† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"Be patient.† â€Å"And how can Will be a witch? I thought all witches were female.† â€Å"Those two have changed many things. We are all learning new ways, even witches. But one thing hasn’t changed: you must help your humans, not hinder them. You must help them and guide them and encourage them toward wisdom. That’s what daemons are for.† They were silent. Serafina turned to the nightingale and said, â€Å"What is your name?† â€Å"I have no name. I didn’t know I was born until I was torn away from his heart.† â€Å"Then I shall name you Kirjava.† â€Å"Kirjava,† said Pantalaimon, trying the sound. â€Å"What does it mean?† â€Å"Soon you will see what it means. But now,† Serafina went on, â€Å"you must listen carefully, because I’m going to tell you what you should do.† â€Å"No,† said Kirjava forcefully. Serafina said gently, â€Å"I can hear from your tone that you know what I’m going to say.† â€Å"We don’t want to hear it!† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"It’s too soon,† said the nightingale. â€Å"It’s much too soon.† Serafina was silent, because she agreed with them, and she felt sorrowful. She was the wisest one there, and she had to guide them to what was right; but she let their agitation subside before she went on. â€Å"Where did you go, in your wanderings?† she said. â€Å"Through many worlds,† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"Everywhere we found a window, we went through. There are more windows than we thought.† â€Å"And you saw – â€Å" â€Å"Yes,† said Kirjava, â€Å"we looked closely, and we saw what was happening.† â€Å"We saw many other things. We met an angel,† said Pantalaimon quickly. â€Å"And we saw the world where the little people come from, the Gallivespians. There are big people there, too, who try and kill them.† They told the witch more of what they’d seen, and they were trying to distract her, and she knew it; but she let them talk, because of the love each one had for the other’s voice. But eventually they ran out of things to tell her, and they fell silent. The only sound was the gentle, endless whisper of the leaves, until Serafina Pekkala said: â€Å"You have been keeping away from Will and Lyra to punish them. I know why you’re doing that; my Kaisa did just the same after I came through the desolate barrens. But he came to me eventually, because we loved each other still. And they will need you soon to help them do what has to be done next. Because you have to tell them what you know.† Pantalaimon cried aloud, a pure, cold owl cry, a sound never heard in that world before. In nests and burrows for a long way around, and wherever any small night creature was hunting or grazing or scavenging, a new and unforgettable fear came into being. Serafina watched from close by, and felt nothing but compassion until she looked at Will’s daemon, Kirjava the nightingale. She remembered talking to the witch Ruta Skadi, who had asked, after seeing Will only once, if Serafina had looked into his eyes; and Serafina had replied that she had not dared to. This little brown bird was radiating an implacable ferocity as palpable as heat, and Serafina was afraid of it. Finally Pantalaimon’s wild screaming died away, and Kirjava said: â€Å"And we have to tell them.† â€Å"Yes, you do,† said the witch gently. Gradually the ferocity left the gaze of the little brown bird, and Serafina could look at her again. She saw a desolate sadness in its place. â€Å"There is a ship coming,† Serafina said. â€Å"I left it to fly here and find you. I came with the gyptians, all the way from our world. They will be here in another day or so.† The two birds sat close, and in a moment they had changed their forms, becoming two doves. Serafina went on: â€Å"This may be the last time you fly. I can see a little ahead; I can see that you will both be able to climb this high as long as there are trees this size; but I think you will not be birds when your forms settle. Take in all that you can, and remember it well. I know that you and Lyra and Will are going to think hard and painfully, and I know you will make the best choice. But it is yours to make, and no one else’s.† They didn’t speak. She took her branch of cloud-pine and lifted away from the towering treetops, circling high above, feeling on her skin the coolness of the breeze and the tingle of the starlight and the benevolent sifting of that Dust she had never seen. She flew down to the village once more and went silently into the woman’s house. She knew nothing about Mary except that she came from the same world as Will, and that her part in the events was crucial. Whether she was fierce or friendly, Serafina had no way of telling; but she had to wake Mary up without startling her, and there was a spell for that. She sat on the floor at the woman’s head and watched through half-closed eyes, breathing in and out in time with her. Presently her half-vision began to show her the pale forms that Mary was seeing in her dreams, and she adjusted her mind to resonate with them, as if she were tuning a string. Then with a further effort Serafina herself stepped in among them. Once she was there, she could speak to Mary, and she did so with the instant easy affection that we sometimes feel for people we meet in dreams. A moment later they were talking together in a murmured rush of which Mary later remembered nothing, and walking through a silly landscape of reed beds and electrical transformers. It was time for Serafina to take charge. â€Å"In a few moments,† she said, â€Å"you’ll wake up. Don’t be alarmed. You’ll find me beside you. I’m waking you like this so you’ll know it’s quite safe and there’s nothing to hurt you. And then we can talk properly.† She withdrew, taking the dream-Mary with her, until she found herself in the house again, cross-legged on the earthen floor, with Mary’s eyes glittering as they looked at her. â€Å"You must be the witch,† Mary whispered. â€Å"I am. My name is Serafina Pekkala. What are you called?† â€Å"Mary Malone. I’ve never been woken so quietly. Am I awake?† â€Å"Yes. We must talk together, and dream talk is hard to control, and harder to remember. It’s better to talk awake. Do you prefer to stay inside, or will you walk with me in the moonlight?† â€Å"I’ll come,† said Mary, sitting up and stretching. â€Å"Where are the others?† â€Å"Asleep under the tree.† They moved out of the house and past the tree with its curtain of all-concealing leaves, and walked down to the river. Mary watched Serafina Pekkala with a mixture of wariness and admiration: she had never seen a human form so slender and graceful. She seemed younger than Mary herself, though Lyra had said she was hundreds of years old; the only hint of age came in her expression, which was full of a complicated sadness. They sat on the bank over the silver-black water, and Serafina told her that she had spoken to the children’s daemons. â€Å"They went looking for them today,† Mary said, â€Å"but something else happened. Will’s never seen his daemon. He didn’t know for certain that he had one.† â€Å"Well, he has. And so have you.† Mary stared at her. â€Å"If you could see him,† Serafina went on, â€Å"you would see a black bird with red legs and a bright yellow beak, slightly curved. A bird of the mountains.† â€Å"An Alpine chough†¦ How can you see him?† â€Å"With my eyes half-closed, I can see him. If we had time, I could teach you to see him, too, and to see the daemons of others in your world. It’s strange for us to think you can’t see them.† Then she told Mary what she had said to the daemons, and what it meant. â€Å"And the daemons will have to tell them?† Mary said. â€Å"I thought of waking them to tell them myself. I thought of telling you and letting you have the responsibility. But I saw their daemons, and I knew that would be best.† â€Å"They’re in love.† â€Å"I know.† â€Å"They’ve only just discovered it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mary tried to take in all the implications of what Serafina had told her, but it was too hard. After a minute or so Mary said, â€Å"Can you see Dust?† â€Å"No, I’ve never seen it, and until the wars began, we had never heard of it.† Mary took the spyglass from her pocket and handed it to the witch. Serafina put it to her eye and gasped. â€Å"That is Dust†¦ It’s beautiful!† â€Å"Turn to look back at the shelter tree.† Serafina did and exclaimed again. â€Å"They did this?† she said. â€Å"Something happened today, or yesterday if it’s after midnight,† Mary said, trying to find the words to explain, and remembering her vision of the Dust flow as a great river like the Mississippi. â€Å"Something tiny but crucial†¦ If you wanted to divert a mighty river into a different course, and all you had was a single pebble, you could do it, as long as you put the pebble in the right place to send the first trickle of water that way instead of this. Something like that happened yesterday. I don’t know what it was. They saw each other differently, or something†¦ Until then, they hadn’t felt like that, but suddenly they did. And then the Dust was attracted to them, very powerfully, and it stopped flowing the other way.† â€Å"So that was how it was to happen!† said Serafina, marveling. â€Å"And now it’s safe, or it will be when the angels fill the great chasm in the underworld.† She told Mary about the abyss, and about how she herself had found out. â€Å"I was flying high,† she explained, â€Å"looking for a landfall, and I met an angel: a female angel. She was very strange; she was old and young together,† she went on, forgetting that that was how she herself appeared to Mary. â€Å"Her name was Xaphania. She told me many things†¦ She said that all the history of human life has been a struggle between wisdom and stupidity. She and the rebel angels, the followers of wisdom, have always tried to open minds; the Authority and his churches have always tried to keep them closed. She gave me many examples from my world.† â€Å"I can think of many from mine.† â€Å"And for most of that time, wisdom has had to work in secret, whispering her words, moving like a spy through the humble places of the world while the courts and palaces are occupied by her enemies.† â€Å"Yes,† said Mary, â€Å"I recognize that, too.† â€Å"And the struggle isn’t over now, though the forces of the Kingdom have met a setback. They’ll regroup under a new commander and come back strongly, and we must be ready to resist.† â€Å"But what happened to Lord Asriel?† said Mary. â€Å"He fought the Regent of Heaven, the angel Metatron, and he wrestled him down into the abyss. Metatron is gone forever. So is Lord Asriel.† Mary caught her breath. â€Å"And Mrs. Coulter?† she said. As an answer the witch took an arrow from her quiver. She took her time selecting it: the best, the straightest, the most perfectly balanced. And she broke it in two. â€Å"Once in my world,† she said, â€Å"I saw that woman torturing a witch, and I swore to myself that I would send that arrow into her throat. Now I shall never do that. She sacrificed herself with Lord Asriel to fight the angel and make the world safe for Lyra. They could not have done it alone, but together they did it.† Mary, distressed, said, â€Å"How can we tell Lyra?† â€Å"Wait until she asks,† said Serafina. â€Å"And she might not. In any case, she has her symbol reader; that will tell her anything she wants to know.† They sat in silence for a while, companionably, as the stars slowly wheeled in the sky. â€Å"Can you see ahead and guess what they’ll choose to do?† said Mary. â€Å"No, but if Lyra returns to her own world, then I will be her sister as long as she lives. What will you do?† â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mary began, and found she hadn’t considered that for a moment. â€Å"I suppose I belong in my own world. Though I’ll be sorry to leave this one; I’ve been very happy here. The happiest I’ve ever been in my life, I think.† â€Å"Well, if you do return home, you shall have a sister in another world,† said Serafina, â€Å"and so shall I. We shall see each other again in a day or so, when the ship arrives, and we’ll talk more on the voyage home; and then we’ll part forever. Embrace me now, sister.† Mary did so, and Serafina Pekkala flew away on her cloud-pine branch over the reeds, over the marshes, over the mudflats and the beach, and over the sea, until Mary could see her no more. At about the same time, one of the large blue lizards came across the body of Father Gomez. Will and Lyra had returned to the village that afternoon by a different route and hadn’t seen it; the priest lay undisturbed where Balthamos had laid him. The lizards were scavengers, but they were mild and harmless creatures, and by an ancient understanding with the mulefa, they were entitled to take any creature left dead after dark. The lizard dragged the priest’s body back to her nest, and her children feasted very well. As for the rifle, it lay in the grass where Father Gomez had laid it down, quietly turning to rust. How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 36 The Broken Arrow, Essay examples

Tale Of Two Cities Essays (1095 words) -

Tale Of Two Cities In the fictitious novel Tale of Two Cities, the author, Charles Dickens, lays out a brilliant plot. Charles Dickens was born in England on February 7, 1812 near the south coast. His family moved to London when he was ten years old and quickly went into debt. To help support himself, Charles went to work at a blacking warehouse when he was twelve. His father was soon imprisoned for debt and shortly thereafter the rest of the family split apart. Charles continued to work at the blacking warehouse even after his father inherited some money and got out of prison. When he was thirteen, Dickens went back to school for two years. He later learned shorthand and became a freelance court reporter. He started out as a journalist at the age of twenty and later wrote his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. He went on to write many other novels, including Tale of Two Cities in 1859. Tale of Two Cities takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellson's Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot. One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette is somewhat redundant as a character in the novel, but plays a very significant part in the plot. Dr. Manette's daughter, Lucie Manette, a positive protagonist, is loved by many and marries Charles Darnay . She is a quiet, emotional person and a subtle protagonist in the novel. One who never forgot his love for Lucie, the protagonist Sydney Carton changed predominately during the course of the novel. Sydney , a look-alike of Charles Darnay, was introduced as a frustrated, immature alcoholic, but in the end, made the ultimate sacrifice for a good friend. These and other characters help to weave an interesting and dramatic plot. Dr. Manette has just been released from the Bastille, and Lucie, eager to meet her father whom she thought was dead, goes with Mr. Jarvis Lorry to bring him back to England. Dr. Manette is in an insane state from his long prison stay and does nothing but cobble shoes, although he is finally persuaded to go to England. Several years later, Lucie, Dr. Manette, and Mr. Lorry are witnesses at the trial of Charles Darnay. Darnay, earning his living as a tutor, frequently travels between England and France and is accused of treason in his home country of France. He is saved from being prosecuted by Sydney Carton, who a witness confuses for Darnay, thus not making the case positive. Darnay ended up being acquitted for his presumed crime. Darnay and Carton both fall in love with Lucie and want to marry her. Carton, an alcoholic at the time, realizes that a relationship with Lucie is impossible, but he still tells her that he loves her and would do anything for her. Darnay and Lucie marry each other on the premises of the two promises between Dr. Manette and Darnay. Right after the marriage, while the newlyweds are on their honeymoon, Dr. Manette has a relapse and cobbles shoes for nine days straight. France's citizens arm themselves for a revolution and, led by the Defarges, start the revolution by raiding the Bastille. Shortly before the start of the revolution, the Marquis runs over a child in the streets of Paris. He is assassinated soon after by Gaspard, the child's father, who is