The Theory Of Psychology And New Schools - 1057 Words

There exist various schools of psychology, each having a different approach. Most psychologists agree that no one ‘approach is correct. Each has its strengths and weaknesses and adds to our understanding of human behaviour. Over the years there have been various significant developments in psychology, and new schools have developed which try to fill the gaps of previous approaches and offer a new perspective. The timeline could be traced from Structuralism (Wundt, 1879), which was the first school of thought. It proposed breaking down of mental processes into its most fundamental components in trying to understand a person s mind. Then came functionalism (James,1902). Functionalists weren t concerned with mental processes, but in†¦show more content†¦However, most of the theories only deal with a subset of the problems. Some theories are concerned about the generation of emotions; some are concerned about effects of such emotions on individual s actions and behaviours while some are concerned about the links between emotions and actions. One such theory is Structuralism. Known as the first school of Psychology, Structuralism has been developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. Wilhelm Wu ndt in 1879, founded the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. He is known as the father of Structuralism (Dobson and Bruce 1972). Structuralism is primarily based on Elementalism (Alfred Korzybski, 1950) which suggests a conception of complex phenomena regarding essential parts or elements. Structuralism is a theory of consciousness. (Wundt, 1874) Structuralism seeks to observe and examine the person s mind by breaking all life experiences into the simplest components and finding how they shape collectively to form greater complex experiences and the way they correlate to physical events. Wundt proposes that all emotions can be understood as few underlying feelings or mental states to understand them better and explain how they are all interrelated. Wundt adopted experimental techniques from physiology (Danziger 1990) the model of chemistry also inspired WundtShow MoreRelatedBiological Psychology1169 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Psychology Kirstyn Mixa PSY/340 November 19, 2010 Brigitte Crowell Biological Psychology As a study, psychology has many branches within itself. Each thought of psychology throughout history has brought about another school of psychology. Psychology or philosophy enthusiasts and scholars alike have taken interests in not only understanding the themes of psychology but have contributed to the creation of another branch. So, of course, somewhere along the line was the dawning ofRead Moresituation in ethic Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Running head: How Philosophy and physiology have influenced early psychological thought. The Influences of early psychological though of Physiology and philosophy Cleo Jones History of Psychology Abstract Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with life and living matter according to (Webster Merriam) Physiology is the processes and function of all or part of an organ. According to (Webster) Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected withRead MoreThe Theories Of Personality, By Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, And Raymond Cattell1568 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to understanding the theories of personality, there are several psychologists that put their input in to help us understand the theories of personality. The individuals that have contributed to the theories of personality and have made us understand the topic more would be Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, and Raymond Cattell. Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York April 1, 1908. 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The Amber Spyglass Chapter 36 The Broken Arrow Free Essays

The two daemons moved through the silent village, in and out of the shadows, padding cat-formed across the moonlit gathering-floor, pausing outside the open door of Mary’s house. Cautiously they looked inside and saw only the sleeping woman; so they withdrew and moved through the moonlight again, toward the shelter tree. Its long branches trailed their fragrant corkscrew leaves almost down to the ground. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 36 The Broken Arrow or any similar topic only for you Order Now Very slowly, very careful not to rustle a leaf or snap a fallen twig, the two shapes slipped in through the leaf curtain and saw what they were seeking: the boy and the girl, fast asleep in each other’s arms. They moved closer over the grass and touched the sleepers softly with nose, paw, whiskers, bathing in the life-giving warmth they gave off, but being infinitely careful not to wake them. As they checked their people (gently cleaning Will’s fast-healing wound, lifting the lock of hair off Lyra’s face), there was a soft sound behind them. Instantly, in total silence, both daemons sprang around, becoming wolves: mad light eyes, bare white teeth, menace in every line. A woman stood there, outlined by the moon. It was not Mary, and when she spoke, they heard her clearly, though her voice made no sound. â€Å"Come with me,† she said. Pantalaimon’s daemon heart leapt within him, but he said nothing until he could greet her away from the sleepers under the tree. â€Å"Serafina Pekkala!† he said joyfully. â€Å"Where have you been? Do you know what’s happened?† â€Å"Hush. Let’s fly to a place where we can talk,† she said, mindful of the sleeping villagers. Her branch of cloud-pine lay by the door of Mary’s house, and as she took it up, the two daemons changed into birds – a nightingale, an owl – and flew with her over the thatched roofs, over the grasslands, over the ridge, and toward the nearest wheel tree grove, as huge as a castle, its crown looking like curds of silver in the moonlight. There Serafina Pekkala settled on the highest comfortable branch, among the open flowers drinking in the Dust, and the two birds perched nearby. â€Å"You won’t be birds for long,† she said. â€Å"Very soon now your shapes will settle. Look around and take this sight into your memory.† â€Å"What will we be?† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"You’ll find out sooner than you think. Listen,† said Serafina Pekkala, â€Å"and I’ll tell you some witch-lore that none but witches know. The reason I can do that is that you are here with me, and your humans are down there, sleeping. Who are the only people for whom that is possible?† â€Å"Witches,† said Pantalaimon, â€Å"and shamans. So†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"In leaving you both on the shores of the world of the dead, Lyra and Will did something, without knowing it, that witches have done since the first time there were witches. There’s a region of our north land, a desolate, abominable place, where a great catastrophe happened in the childhood of the world, and where nothing has lived since. No daemons can enter it. To become a witch, a girl must cross it alone and leave her daemon behind. You know the suffering they must undergo. But having done it, they find that their daemons were not severed, as in Bolvangar; they are still one whole being; but now they can roam free, and go to far places and see strange things and bring back knowledge. â€Å"And you are not severed, are you?† â€Å"No,† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"We are still one. But it was so painful, and we were so frightened†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Well,† said Serafina, â€Å"the two of them will not fly like witches, and they will not live as long as we do; but thanks to what they did, you and they are witch in all but that.† The two daemons considered the strangeness of this knowledge. â€Å"Does that mean we shall be birds, like witches’ daemons?† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"Be patient.† â€Å"And how can Will be a witch? I thought all witches were female.† â€Å"Those two have changed many things. We are all learning new ways, even witches. But one thing hasn’t changed: you must help your humans, not hinder them. You must help them and guide them and encourage them toward wisdom. That’s what daemons are for.† They were silent. Serafina turned to the nightingale and said, â€Å"What is your name?† â€Å"I have no name. I didn’t know I was born until I was torn away from his heart.† â€Å"Then I shall name you Kirjava.† â€Å"Kirjava,† said Pantalaimon, trying the sound. â€Å"What does it mean?† â€Å"Soon you will see what it means. But now,† Serafina went on, â€Å"you must listen carefully, because I’m going to tell you what you should do.† â€Å"No,† said Kirjava forcefully. Serafina said gently, â€Å"I can hear from your tone that you know what I’m going to say.† â€Å"We don’t want to hear it!† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"It’s too soon,† said the nightingale. â€Å"It’s much too soon.† Serafina was silent, because she agreed with them, and she felt sorrowful. She was the wisest one there, and she had to guide them to what was right; but she let their agitation subside before she went on. â€Å"Where did you go, in your wanderings?† she said. â€Å"Through many worlds,† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"Everywhere we found a window, we went through. There are more windows than we thought.† â€Å"And you saw – â€Å" â€Å"Yes,† said Kirjava, â€Å"we looked closely, and we saw what was happening.† â€Å"We saw many other things. We met an angel,† said Pantalaimon quickly. â€Å"And we saw the world where the little people come from, the Gallivespians. There are big people there, too, who try and kill them.† They told the witch more of what they’d seen, and they were trying to distract her, and she knew it; but she let them talk, because of the love each one had for the other’s voice. But eventually they ran out of things to tell her, and they fell silent. The only sound was the gentle, endless whisper of the leaves, until Serafina Pekkala said: â€Å"You have been keeping away from Will and Lyra to punish them. I know why you’re doing that; my Kaisa did just the same after I came through the desolate barrens. But he came to me eventually, because we loved each other still. And they will need you soon to help them do what has to be done next. Because you have to tell them what you know.† Pantalaimon cried aloud, a pure, cold owl cry, a sound never heard in that world before. In nests and burrows for a long way around, and wherever any small night creature was hunting or grazing or scavenging, a new and unforgettable fear came into being. Serafina watched from close by, and felt nothing but compassion until she looked at Will’s daemon, Kirjava the nightingale. She remembered talking to the witch Ruta Skadi, who had asked, after seeing Will only once, if Serafina had looked into his eyes; and Serafina had replied that she had not dared to. This little brown bird was radiating an implacable ferocity as palpable as heat, and Serafina was afraid of it. Finally Pantalaimon’s wild screaming died away, and Kirjava said: â€Å"And we have to tell them.† â€Å"Yes, you do,† said the witch gently. Gradually the ferocity left the gaze of the little brown bird, and Serafina could look at her again. She saw a desolate sadness in its place. â€Å"There is a ship coming,† Serafina said. â€Å"I left it to fly here and find you. I came with the gyptians, all the way from our world. They will be here in another day or so.† The two birds sat close, and in a moment they had changed their forms, becoming two doves. Serafina went on: â€Å"This may be the last time you fly. I can see a little ahead; I can see that you will both be able to climb this high as long as there are trees this size; but I think you will not be birds when your forms settle. Take in all that you can, and remember it well. I know that you and Lyra and Will are going to think hard and painfully, and I know you will make the best choice. But it is yours to make, and no one else’s.† They didn’t speak. She took her branch of cloud-pine and lifted away from the towering treetops, circling high above, feeling on her skin the coolness of the breeze and the tingle of the starlight and the benevolent sifting of that Dust she had never seen. She flew down to the village once more and went silently into the woman’s house. She knew nothing about Mary except that she came from the same world as Will, and that her part in the events was crucial. Whether she was fierce or friendly, Serafina had no way of telling; but she had to wake Mary up without startling her, and there was a spell for that. She sat on the floor at the woman’s head and watched through half-closed eyes, breathing in and out in time with her. Presently her half-vision began to show her the pale forms that Mary was seeing in her dreams, and she adjusted her mind to resonate with them, as if she were tuning a string. Then with a further effort Serafina herself stepped in among them. Once she was there, she could speak to Mary, and she did so with the instant easy affection that we sometimes feel for people we meet in dreams. A moment later they were talking together in a murmured rush of which Mary later remembered nothing, and walking through a silly landscape of reed beds and electrical transformers. It was time for Serafina to take charge. â€Å"In a few moments,† she said, â€Å"you’ll wake up. Don’t be alarmed. You’ll find me beside you. I’m waking you like this so you’ll know it’s quite safe and there’s nothing to hurt you. And then we can talk properly.† She withdrew, taking the dream-Mary with her, until she found herself in the house again, cross-legged on the earthen floor, with Mary’s eyes glittering as they looked at her. â€Å"You must be the witch,† Mary whispered. â€Å"I am. My name is Serafina Pekkala. What are you called?† â€Å"Mary Malone. I’ve never been woken so quietly. Am I awake?† â€Å"Yes. We must talk together, and dream talk is hard to control, and harder to remember. It’s better to talk awake. Do you prefer to stay inside, or will you walk with me in the moonlight?† â€Å"I’ll come,† said Mary, sitting up and stretching. â€Å"Where are the others?† â€Å"Asleep under the tree.† They moved out of the house and past the tree with its curtain of all-concealing leaves, and walked down to the river. Mary watched Serafina Pekkala with a mixture of wariness and admiration: she had never seen a human form so slender and graceful. She seemed younger than Mary herself, though Lyra had said she was hundreds of years old; the only hint of age came in her expression, which was full of a complicated sadness. They sat on the bank over the silver-black water, and Serafina told her that she had spoken to the children’s daemons. â€Å"They went looking for them today,† Mary said, â€Å"but something else happened. Will’s never seen his daemon. He didn’t know for certain that he had one.† â€Å"Well, he has. And so have you.† Mary stared at her. â€Å"If you could see him,† Serafina went on, â€Å"you would see a black bird with red legs and a bright yellow beak, slightly curved. A bird of the mountains.† â€Å"An Alpine chough†¦ How can you see him?† â€Å"With my eyes half-closed, I can see him. If we had time, I could teach you to see him, too, and to see the daemons of others in your world. It’s strange for us to think you can’t see them.† Then she told Mary what she had said to the daemons, and what it meant. â€Å"And the daemons will have to tell them?† Mary said. â€Å"I thought of waking them to tell them myself. I thought of telling you and letting you have the responsibility. But I saw their daemons, and I knew that would be best.† â€Å"They’re in love.† â€Å"I know.† â€Å"They’ve only just discovered it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mary tried to take in all the implications of what Serafina had told her, but it was too hard. After a minute or so Mary said, â€Å"Can you see Dust?† â€Å"No, I’ve never seen it, and until the wars began, we had never heard of it.† Mary took the spyglass from her pocket and handed it to the witch. Serafina put it to her eye and gasped. â€Å"That is Dust†¦ It’s beautiful!† â€Å"Turn to look back at the shelter tree.† Serafina did and exclaimed again. â€Å"They did this?† she said. â€Å"Something happened today, or yesterday if it’s after midnight,† Mary said, trying to find the words to explain, and remembering her vision of the Dust flow as a great river like the Mississippi. â€Å"Something tiny but crucial†¦ If you wanted to divert a mighty river into a different course, and all you had was a single pebble, you could do it, as long as you put the pebble in the right place to send the first trickle of water that way instead of this. Something like that happened yesterday. I don’t know what it was. They saw each other differently, or something†¦ Until then, they hadn’t felt like that, but suddenly they did. And then the Dust was attracted to them, very powerfully, and it stopped flowing the other way.† â€Å"So that was how it was to happen!† said Serafina, marveling. â€Å"And now it’s safe, or it will be when the angels fill the great chasm in the underworld.† She told Mary about the abyss, and about how she herself had found out. â€Å"I was flying high,† she explained, â€Å"looking for a landfall, and I met an angel: a female angel. She was very strange; she was old and young together,† she went on, forgetting that that was how she herself appeared to Mary. â€Å"Her name was Xaphania. She told me many things†¦ She said that all the history of human life has been a struggle between wisdom and stupidity. She and the rebel angels, the followers of wisdom, have always tried to open minds; the Authority and his churches have always tried to keep them closed. She gave me many examples from my world.† â€Å"I can think of many from mine.† â€Å"And for most of that time, wisdom has had to work in secret, whispering her words, moving like a spy through the humble places of the world while the courts and palaces are occupied by her enemies.† â€Å"Yes,† said Mary, â€Å"I recognize that, too.† â€Å"And the struggle isn’t over now, though the forces of the Kingdom have met a setback. They’ll regroup under a new commander and come back strongly, and we must be ready to resist.† â€Å"But what happened to Lord Asriel?† said Mary. â€Å"He fought the Regent of Heaven, the angel Metatron, and he wrestled him down into the abyss. Metatron is gone forever. So is Lord Asriel.† Mary caught her breath. â€Å"And Mrs. Coulter?† she said. As an answer the witch took an arrow from her quiver. She took her time selecting it: the best, the straightest, the most perfectly balanced. And she broke it in two. â€Å"Once in my world,† she said, â€Å"I saw that woman torturing a witch, and I swore to myself that I would send that arrow into her throat. Now I shall never do that. She sacrificed herself with Lord Asriel to fight the angel and make the world safe for Lyra. They could not have done it alone, but together they did it.† Mary, distressed, said, â€Å"How can we tell Lyra?† â€Å"Wait until she asks,† said Serafina. â€Å"And she might not. In any case, she has her symbol reader; that will tell her anything she wants to know.† They sat in silence for a while, companionably, as the stars slowly wheeled in the sky. â€Å"Can you see ahead and guess what they’ll choose to do?† said Mary. â€Å"No, but if Lyra returns to her own world, then I will be her sister as long as she lives. What will you do?† â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mary began, and found she hadn’t considered that for a moment. â€Å"I suppose I belong in my own world. Though I’ll be sorry to leave this one; I’ve been very happy here. The happiest I’ve ever been in my life, I think.† â€Å"Well, if you do return home, you shall have a sister in another world,† said Serafina, â€Å"and so shall I. We shall see each other again in a day or so, when the ship arrives, and we’ll talk more on the voyage home; and then we’ll part forever. Embrace me now, sister.† Mary did so, and Serafina Pekkala flew away on her cloud-pine branch over the reeds, over the marshes, over the mudflats and the beach, and over the sea, until Mary could see her no more. At about the same time, one of the large blue lizards came across the body of Father Gomez. Will and Lyra had returned to the village that afternoon by a different route and hadn’t seen it; the priest lay undisturbed where Balthamos had laid him. The lizards were scavengers, but they were mild and harmless creatures, and by an ancient understanding with the mulefa, they were entitled to take any creature left dead after dark. The lizard dragged the priest’s body back to her nest, and her children feasted very well. As for the rifle, it lay in the grass where Father Gomez had laid it down, quietly turning to rust. How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 36 The Broken Arrow, Essay examples

Tale Of Two Cities Essays (1095 words) -

Tale Of Two Cities In the fictitious novel Tale of Two Cities, the author, Charles Dickens, lays out a brilliant plot. Charles Dickens was born in England on February 7, 1812 near the south coast. His family moved to London when he was ten years old and quickly went into debt. To help support himself, Charles went to work at a blacking warehouse when he was twelve. His father was soon imprisoned for debt and shortly thereafter the rest of the family split apart. Charles continued to work at the blacking warehouse even after his father inherited some money and got out of prison. When he was thirteen, Dickens went back to school for two years. He later learned shorthand and became a freelance court reporter. He started out as a journalist at the age of twenty and later wrote his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. He went on to write many other novels, including Tale of Two Cities in 1859. Tale of Two Cities takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellson's Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot. One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette is somewhat redundant as a character in the novel, but plays a very significant part in the plot. Dr. Manette's daughter, Lucie Manette, a positive protagonist, is loved by many and marries Charles Darnay . She is a quiet, emotional person and a subtle protagonist in the novel. One who never forgot his love for Lucie, the protagonist Sydney Carton changed predominately during the course of the novel. Sydney , a look-alike of Charles Darnay, was introduced as a frustrated, immature alcoholic, but in the end, made the ultimate sacrifice for a good friend. These and other characters help to weave an interesting and dramatic plot. Dr. Manette has just been released from the Bastille, and Lucie, eager to meet her father whom she thought was dead, goes with Mr. Jarvis Lorry to bring him back to England. Dr. Manette is in an insane state from his long prison stay and does nothing but cobble shoes, although he is finally persuaded to go to England. Several years later, Lucie, Dr. Manette, and Mr. Lorry are witnesses at the trial of Charles Darnay. Darnay, earning his living as a tutor, frequently travels between England and France and is accused of treason in his home country of France. He is saved from being prosecuted by Sydney Carton, who a witness confuses for Darnay, thus not making the case positive. Darnay ended up being acquitted for his presumed crime. Darnay and Carton both fall in love with Lucie and want to marry her. Carton, an alcoholic at the time, realizes that a relationship with Lucie is impossible, but he still tells her that he loves her and would do anything for her. Darnay and Lucie marry each other on the premises of the two promises between Dr. Manette and Darnay. Right after the marriage, while the newlyweds are on their honeymoon, Dr. Manette has a relapse and cobbles shoes for nine days straight. France's citizens arm themselves for a revolution and, led by the Defarges, start the revolution by raiding the Bastille. Shortly before the start of the revolution, the Marquis runs over a child in the streets of Paris. He is assassinated soon after by Gaspard, the child's father, who is

How to Cancel Your SAT Scores

How to Cancel Your SAT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What can you do if you took the SAT already but you decide you want to cancel your test scores? First, stop and take a step back. Ask yourself if you’re sure. Once you cancel your test scores, there's no going back. Second, figure out - can you still cancel your scores? CollegeBoard has a very strict deadline about this and if you miss that deadline, then they won't budge. So what can you do? Well, I'm here tohelp you 1) assess whether you should cancel; 2) know what steps you need to take to cancel; and 3) know what to do if you miss the deadline to cancel, but still need to deal with a poor score. Why are you canceling? Should you really do this? You may have felt unsure about your answers, or you may have taken longer than the people around you to complete the test and are worried that you did poorly. However, keep in mind that everyone feels bad coming out of a test. For tests as long as the SAT, it's best not to make an impulsive decision about canceling. If you cancel your test, then you are probably going to have to take it again. Besides, it's possible that you did better than you thought you did. This is very common! But you have to keep in mind - once you cancel your test scores, you can't take it back.Know that there are other options. Score Choice is one such deal, where you can choose which scores you send to colleges, so your low scores won't necessarily have the terrible impact you think it will. However, some schools do require that "all scores" be sent out, so its important to consider where your top choice schools fall on this list. Take a look atWhich Colleges Superscore the SAT to find out! There is another option as well - you can cancel the free score reports so that they don't go out! This way, you don't have to cancel your scores ahead of time, and you can decide whether anyone else sees them. Until then, you are the only one who will. I talk about this topic more in the last section of this article, so make sre you check that out. So, basically, you have a lot of options. But you still don't know what to decide? In cases like these, I would recommend you carefully go over the checklist we provided below. If you answer YES to any of the questions in the checklist, then you may want to consider canceling. But if you answer no, then what you should really do is step away, and wait for the results, knowing that you did the best you could have that day. CHECKLIST: When should you consider cancelingyour score? You panicked while taking the test and missed a lot of questions You ran out of time repeatedly and could not complete one or more sections Your equipment malfunctioned [your calculator spazzed or ran out of batteries, your pencils all broke and there was no sharpener and it turned out they weren't #2 anyway] You were sick during the test Something happened during the test that you found disruptive [there was construction outside, someone in the room had a medical emergency, etc.] and this really shook up your performance You were late to your test [because of transportation, you woke up late, etc] and because of that you've been distracted the whole time You top choice college is one that requires you to send in all your scores, and does not allow Score Choice You are 100% sure that you filled in your answer circles wrong on an entire section or more (Note: This is possible to fix with Hand Score Grading, $55, by CollegeBoard - check out our article on it here.) You fell asleep during the test If you answer YES to any of the questions on the Checklist above, and you know you want to cancel, then you need to go through the steps outlined below. What steps should you take to cancel your SAT score? At the test center, immediately after the test Ask the test supervisor for a Request to Cancel Test Scores form Complete the form and sign in Return the form to the test supervisor before leaving the test center If you decide to cancel after leaving the test center You must submit a written request to CollegeBoard by :59 PM EST on the Wednesday after the test You cannot submit test score cancellation requests by phone or email because your signature is required. Yes, it’s a hassle, but it is necessary so that they know it's not someone trying to maliciously erase your test. You need the following information: The SAT Request to Cancel Test Scores form found here The test date The test center number The name of the test you are canceling(either SAT or SAT Subject Test) Your signature (required) Remember, once you submit a request to cancel your scores, your scores cannot be reinstated under any circumstances and will not be reported to you or any of the institutions you selected. IMPORTANT: What's the SAT Cancellation Deadline? You must cancel no later than :59 PM EST on the Wednesday following the test date. The only exception is students with disabilities. Because of the extended school testing window, students with disabilities who test in school based testing have until the Monday, 1 week after the published test date to cancel their scores. How to Send in Your Request: By Fax: 610-290-8978 By Overnight delivery with USPS Express Mail: SAT Score Cancellation P.O. Box 6228 Princeton NJ, 08541-6228 By FedEx, UPS, other Overnight Mail Delivery: SAT Score Cancellation 1425 Lower Ferry Road Ewing NJ, 08618 NOTE: The mailing or Fax label should read ATTENTION: SAT Score Cancellation What if you miss the deadline? What can you do? Option 1: Accept what CollegeBoard says and be sad According to CollegeBoard, if you wait until after the deadline, then there's nothing you can do. Your score will become a part of your permanent record Option 2: Be Clever! You can use Score Choice to prevent universities from seeing your bad score. You can make changes to your score recipients easily in your My SAT Account. You can change these recipients until :59 PM EST on the Monday one week after your scheduled test date. If for some reason you cannot delete score recipients altogether, change the recipients to colleges you aren't interested in; some college will get your score, but your chances with your top-choice colleges won't be damaged. Note: if you remove score recipients but then later learn that you did very well, then you will need to pay $10.50 per school to send those results. However, if that's the price you pay for some peace of mind, then it might be worth it. If you decide to cancel, then be prepared for that possible expense. Basically, if you act within a week, after the initial deadline to cancel your scores, there are still ways to keep your scores from getting to your top-choice schools! What's Next? If you haven't taken the test yet and know you don't want to, then check out How to cancel your SAT registration Want to register for the SATs at a later date? Make the process faster with our step by step picture guide Step-by-Step Guide with Pictures SAT Registration Maybe you’re not sure whether you want to take the SAT, but keep in mind Future Years’ SAT Test Dates, Schedules, and Deadlines Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Gregory Jarvis, Challenger Astronaut

Gregory Jarvis, Challenger Astronaut Gregory Bruce Jarvis was an American astronaut who brought an extensive background as an engineer to his work with NASA. He died in the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986, on his first and only trip to space. Fast Facts: Gregory Jarvis Born: August 24, 1944 in Detroit, MichiganDied: January 28, 1986  in Cape Canaveral, FloridaParents: A. Bruce Jarvis and Lucille Ladd (divorced)Spouse: Marcia Jarboe Jarvis, married June 1968Education: B.S. degree from the State University of New York at Buffalo and M.S. degree from Northeastern University, both in electrical engineeringMilitary Career: United States Air Force 1969-73Work: Hughes Aircraft from 1973 to 1986, selected as an astronaut candidate in 1984 Early Life Gregory Bruce Jarvis was born in Detroit, Michigan, on August 24, 1944. Growing up, he was heavily involved with a variety of sports and was also a classical guitarist. His father, Greg Jarvis, and mother, Lucille Ladd, divorced when he was in college at the State University of New York. He studied electrical engineering and received his bachelors degree in 1967. He then pursued a Masters degree in Electrical Engineering at Northeastern. After graduation, he served in the Air Force for four years, attaining the rank of captain.   Work at Hughes Aircraft In 1973, Jarvis joined Hughes Aircraft Company, where he worked as an engineer on various satellite programs. Over the next few years, he served as an engineer for the MARISAT Program, which consisted of a set of maritime communications satellites. He then went on to work on communications systems for military use before joining the Advanced Program Laboratory to work on the LEASAT systems. The technology provided synchronous communications for a variety of applications. In 1984, Jarvis, along with 600 other Hughes engineers, applied to become payload specialists for NASA flights. Work With NASA Gregory Jarvis was accepted for training by NASA in 1984. He was listed as a payload specialist, a category including people trained by commercial or research institutions to do specific space shuttle flights. His main interest was the effect of weightlessness on fluids. Jarvis was put on flight status and slated to go into space in 1985. However, his place was taken by Jake Garn, a U.S. senator who wanted to fly into space. Another senator, Bill Nelson, stepped in and also wanted to fly, so Jarvis flight was postponed until 1986.   Jarvis was assigned as a payload specialist on STS-51L aboard the Challenger shuttle. It would be the 25th shuttle mission carried out by NASA and included the first teacher in space, Christa McAuliffe. Jarvis was tasked to study fluids in space, in particular, the effects on liquid-fueled rockets, as part of a fluid dynamics experiment. His specific duties were to test the reaction of satellite propellants to shuttle maneuvers. Gregory B. Jarvis during training for his shuttle mission. NASA   For 51L, Challenger carried a tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS), as well as the Spartan Halley shuttle-pointed tool for astronomy. Jarvis and the others would be responsible for their deployment, while colleague Christa McAuliffe would teach lessons from space and attend to a set of student experiments carried into space aboard the shuttle. Although not specifically in the mission plan, astronaut Ronald McNair had brought along his saxophone and had planned to play a short concert from space. The Challenger Disaster The space shuttle Challenger was destroyed in an explosion 73 seconds after launch on January 28, 1986. In addition to Gregory Jarvis, crew members Christa McAuliffe, Ron McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Judith A. Resnik, Dick Scobee, and Michael J. Smith were killed in the disaster. After Jarvis remains were recovered, he was cremated and scattered at sea by his widow, Marcia Jarboe Jarvis.  Ã‚   Personal Life Gregory Jarvis married Marcia Jarboe in 1968 after they had met in college. They were active in sports, particularly long-distance cycling. They had no children. Marcia worked as a dental assistant.   Honors and Awards Gregory Jarvis was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor posthumously. There is an engineering building at the State University of New York, Buffalo, named for him, as well as a dam in New York state.   Jarvis, along with other crew members, was the subject of a film called Beyond the Stars and a documentary called For All  Mankind, dedicated to the sacrifice made by the Challenger crew. Sources â€Å"Gregory B. Jarvis.† The Astronauts Memorial Foundation, www.amfcse.org/gregory-b-jarvis.Jarvis, www.astronautix.com/j/jarvis.html.Knight, J.D. â€Å"Gregory Jarvis - Challenger Memorial on Sea and Sky.† Sea and Sky - Explore the Oceans Below and the Universe Above, www.seasky.org/space-exploration/challenger-gregory-jarvis.html.Nordheimer, Jon. â€Å"GREGORY JARVIS.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 10 Feb. 1986, www.nytimes.com/1986/02/10/us/2-space-novices-with-a-love-of-knowledge-gregory-jarvis.html.

To what extent is it fair to characterise delegated legislation as a Essay

To what extent is it fair to characterise delegated legislation as a practical necessity that undermines important constitutional principles - Essay Example This paper first gives a quick rundown on the constitution of the United Kingdom and the place of delegated legislation in it vis-à  -vis the concepts of separation of powers and parliamentary sovereignty. Only then will it start exploring delegated legislation beginning with its definition, its rationale, its types and controls, when it is considered invalid, and finally its advantages. Next would be the problems associated with delegated legislation, particularly its relevance to Montesquieu’s theory; and its disadvantages as legislation. Another section on its being a practical necessity would follow, and then a conclusion. Towards the end, the paper will make a stand and show that while delegated legislation may be a practical necessity that may undermine important constitutional principles, the extent will only be when proper checks and balances are provided. The constitution of the United Kingdom is an amalgam of statute law, precedent, and tradition dating as far back to the time of King Henry I in the 1100s.1 Uncodified, UK’s constitution is said to have been historically guided by certain conventions like a system of checks and balances which protect citizens against the abuse of executive power, respect for the liberties of the individual, and trust in the political process.2 Over the years, constitutional conventions have been considered more important than written constitutional provisions in interpreting one’s task with the uncodified constitution 3 The informal nature of the UK constitution may be said to inherently welcome the lack of constitutionalism concept. The executive is drawn from the legislature, Parliament, since the UK has a Parliamentary system of government.4 Because the government is â€Å"fused" with Parliament, governments have no formal control on their legislative power. In 1976, in fact, the phrase

The Impact of the War on Drugs on Puerto Ricans Essay

The Impact of the War on Drugs on Puerto Ricans - Essay Example The majority of Puerto Rican immigrants live in New York City, a circumstance that can be traced to post-World War II economic development programs, which ensured Puerto Rico's economic and political dependence on the U.S. It has and continues to have a colonial status with the United States. Crime in the Latino community, and specifically in Puerto Rico, has created a legacy of poverty, unemployment, and lack of education for the population, accelerated by drug prohibition. In 1994, the murder rate in Puerto Rico was the highest in the western hemisphere, with 73 percent classified by the police as "drug related." The article states the tendency among Latinos to follow overall trends throughout the U.S. with alcohol and cigarettes consumed far more than all illegal drugs combined. Nevertheless, the treatment of Latinos is unequal with a greater number of arrests in Latino neighborhoods. The high number of young people incarcerated has a negative effect on the lives of families and neighborhoods. In addition, the war on drugs focuses on Latino gangs in New York City and Puerto Rico, with the Kings and Queens and the Netas of particular interest to law enforcement. The article further states that the war on drugs has acted as a catalyst to the AIDS epidemic. AIDS is the leading cause of death among young adult Latinos in the United States and more than half are injection-related. In addition, people who live both on the island of Puerto Rico and in the United States have a much higher incidence of injection-related AIDS than do other Latino groups living in the United States.The relationship of the United States to Latin America and the Caribbean has been characterized as neocolonialism and is often considered a humanitarian gesture. However, rather than help them gain self-sufficiency, it becomes a means by which the United States government has exerted economic and political control. This is a long-term situation. By the 1960s, a period of great experimentation with drugs, the war on drugs shifted from federal to state and local bodies. However, when the Knapp Commission of 1968 convened and police corruption made headlines across the nation, the police took a hands-off policy and looked to the cartel lords. This policy allowed drug distribution organizations to build empires in neighborhoods no longer the focus of police. In Puerto Rico, the war on drugs followed in U.S. footsteps due to its continuing colonial status. Summary Barrios and Curtis (1998) make it very clear that only with legalization of all personality-enhancing drugs, along with alcohol and cigarettes, can a solution to the drug problem be found. By focusing on Puerto Rican immigrants in the United States, specifically in New York City, as well as those on the island of Puerto Rico, and continuing with a case study of a specific family, showing the way in which desperate needs bring about desperate means, these two authors show how the present system of laws against drugs accelerate rather than resolve the problem. In describing the Santuree family, the authors offered a microcosm of the drug problem within the experiences of one dysfunctional family, which shows clearly how the problems were escalated by poverty, unemployment, lack of medical care, lack of suitable housing, and ultimately following the apparent economic promise of drug dealing and the resulting